Ø
What is called Narration?
Ø
The statement of a speaker is called Narration.
Example: Nazrul
said to Ninja, ”You are very polite”.
Ø Kinds of Narration:
There are two types of Narration.
1.
Direct
narration.
2.
Indirect
narration.
Ø
When a speaker
directly expresses his/her word/statement is called direct narration.
Example:
Kamal said to Ranu,
“I am very busy now.”
ü
In the above sentence the speaker has directly
expressed his/her statement.
Three ways of identifying /knowing direct speech.
v
Direct speech will be into inverted comma.
v
There will be
a comma after reported speech.
In brief, direct speech is in inverted comma.
There are two parts of a direct speech.
1. Reporting verb.
2. Reported speech.
Example:
The teacher said to the
student, “What was your future plan”?
ü ‘The teacher said to the student’ is reporting verb
and ‘What is your future plan’ is reported speech.
When any person tells the
statement of a speaker is called indirect speech.
In an indirect speech the
statement of a speaker is expressed indirectly.
We have to change person
at the time of changing direct to indirect:
1st person
----- 1st place
2nd person ----- 2nd place
3rd person
----- no change.
List of person change.
v 1st person
I-----------me--------my
We--------us---------our
v 2nd person
You-----------you--------your
v 3rd person
He-----------him--------his
She -------her----------her
They------them------their
It---------its----------its.
We have to change tense at the time of changing direct to indirect :
Am, is, are----- was, were
Was, were------ had been
Have, Has----------Had
Had----------Had been
Present indefinite---------------Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite------------------Past Perfect.
Also some words change:
Today ------------------ that day
Tonight ------------------that night
Last day------------the previous day
Yesterday ----------- the previous day
Tomorrow -----------------the next day
This-----------------------that
These-----------------those
Now ------------------then
Here ----------------------there
Hence----------------thence
Hither -----------------thither
Ago --------------------before
Thus-------------------so
Come ----------------go
Next day --------------the following day.
Ø We have to change narration according to sentences.
1.
Assertive
sentence
2.
Interrogative
sentence
3.
Imperative
sentence
4.
Optative
sentence
5.
Exclamatory
sentence
Narration change of
assertive sentence:
i.
Said-----------------------told
ii.
Add
conjunction that instead of inverted comma.
iii.
After
conjunction , subject + verb + ext.
iv.
We also have
to change tense and person.
Example:
The poor man said to me,
“I am very hungry.”
= The poor man told me that he was very hungry.
ü ‘The poor man’ is unchanged , said will be told,
conjunction that , I will be changed according to the rules first person first
place. Present tense will be past tense.
·
Reporting
verb will be unchanged if there is no object after reporting verb.
Example:
**My friend said, “I am
in danger”
=My friend said that he
was in danger.
**He said, “You did the
work.”
=He said that I had done
the work.
·
Tense will
not be changed in the perpetual truth sentences.
Example:
**The teacher said to me,
“Honesty is the best policy.
= The teacher told me
that honesty is the best policy.
Tense will not be changed
if the reporting verb is in present.
Example:
**Raza says, “I am very
happy.”
= Raza says that he is
very happy.
We of the direct speech
will not be changed if we means the nation or the both the speaker and the
listener.
Example:
**The Imam said to me,
“We are mortal.”
= The Imam told me that
we are mortal.
Narration change of Interrogative Sentence:
i.
Said-------------------
asked
ii.
Add
conjunction if/wheather instead of inverted comma.
iii.
If the
sentence starts with WH-question , that wh word will be conjunction.
iv.
After
conjunction, subject
+ verb + ext.
v.
We also have
to change tense and person.
vi.
If there is
do/does/did before subject we have to rule out that.
Example:
**The teacher said to me,
“Have you completed your home work?”
= The teacher asked me if
I had completed my home work.
**He said to me, “Did you
go there?”
= He asked me if I had
gone there.
In the above sentence did
will be ruled out and by this we can recognize that it is in past indefinite
tense. We have to change it in past perfect tense.
**My father said to me,
“What do you want?’
=My father asked me what
I wanted.
The above sentence has
started with wh word . so, wh word will be conjunction.
Narration change of Imperative Sentence:
i.
Said ----------ordered
Said -----------advised
Said ----------requested
Said ----------forbade
Said ----------told/asked
ii.
Add
conjunction to instead of inverted
comma.
iii.
After
conjunction , verb1 + ext.
iv.
We also have
to change tense and person.
v.
If the
sentence is negative , linker will be not to.
vi.
Please will
be run out if starts with please.
Example:
**Father said to me,
“Memorize it now.”
=father ordered me to
memorize it then.
**The teacher said to the
student, “Always speak the truth.”
The teacher advised the
student to always speak the truth.
**He said to me ,
“Please, do it now.”
= He requested me to do
it then.
**Mother said to me,
“Don`t run in the sun.”
=Mother forbade me to run
in the sun.
We need not use ‘not to’
if we use forbade.
If there is no clear
sense of order and advice , we have to use told or asked instead of said.
Example:
** My friend said to me, “Give me a pen.”
=My friend told me to
give him a pen.
Imperative sentence beginning with Let
If there is singular
after let—
i.
Said-----------told
ii.
Add
conjunction that instead of inverted
comma.
iii.
That +
Subject+ might/might be allowed to + verb1 + ext.
iv.
We also have
to change tense and person.
Example:
**Robiul said to me, “Let
me learn English.”
=Robiul told me that he
might learn English.
If there is plural after let—
i.
Said----------proposed/suggested
ii.
Add
conjunction that instead of inverted
comma.
iii.
That +
Subject+ should + verb1 + ext.
iv.
We also have
to change tense and person.
v.
Subject will
be we/they.
Example:
**Razu said to me, “Let
us go out for a walk.”
=Razu proposed to me that
we should go out for a walk.
Narration change of Optative Sentence:
i.
Said-------------------
prayed/wished [If Allah , then prayed]
ii.
Add
conjunction that instead of inverted
comma.
iii.
After
conjunction, subject
+ might+ verb1 + ext.
iv.
We also have
to change tense and person.
Example:
**Teacher
said to me,
“May Allah save you.”
=The teacher
wished that Allah might save me.
You have to write for if
you want to write object.
Example:
** Father
said to me, “May you gain success in life.”
=Father wished
me that I might gain success in life.
If the
sentence starts with long, long will be sit at last.
Example:
** He said, “Long live our president.”
=He wished that their
president might live long.
Narration change of
Exclamatory Sentence:
i.
Said-------------------
exclaimed with joy/ sorrow/wonder
ii.
Add
conjunction that instead of inverted
comma.
iii.
After
conjunction, subject
+ verb + ext.
iv.
We also have
to change tense and person.
v.
If the
sentence starts with what /how,very will be before adjective and great will
be before noun.
**He said, “How costly
the mobile is!”
=He wondered that the
mobile was very costly.
**Robul said, “How
beautiful the bird is!”
=Robul exclaimed with joy
that the bird was very beautiful.
**He said, “Alas! I am
undone.”
He exclaimed with sorrow
that he was very undone.
Offer your prayer timely.
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